Manage GitHub Users, Teams, and Repository Permissions

GitHub hosts code repositories so developers can build software for open-source and private projects in organizations. GitHub organization owners can control access to projects and data by managing their organization's settings, users, teams, and permissions. The Terraform GitHub provider allows you to programmatically manage your repositories, organization, teams, permissions, and projects.

Terraform provides several benefits over using the GitHub dashboard or CLI to manage your GitHub resources:

• Safety and consistency Defining your resources as code reduces the risk of human error. With Terraform, you can version control your configuration and ensure that the proper reviewers approve changes before merging them. Terraform allows you to track and update changes as your organization grows.

• Improved automation Terraform can create, update, and delete tracked resources without requiring you to manage dependencies. With Terraform, you can develop modules for your organization, repositories, teams, and users that comply with your organization's policies. For example, you can use Terraform to ensure that your organization's security team has access to every new GitHub repository.

In this tutorial, you will use Terraform and the GitHub provider to create resources and invite users to your GitHub organization as defined in CSV files. In the process, you will learn how to use Terraform to simplify and automate your workflows.

Prerequisites

For this tutorial, you will need:

• the Terraform 1.0.5+ CLI installed locally.
• a GitHub account.
• a GitHub organization that you own. You can use an existing organization since you will destroy all the resources provisioned in this tutorial at the end. Otherwise, follow these instructions to create a new organization.

Configure your credentials

The GitHub provider needs to authenticate to GitHub so it can manage its resources. In this tutorial, you will authenticate the provider using a personal access token.

Follow the instructions in GitHub's documentation to create a personal access token for Terraform. To complete this tutorial, your personal access token must have at least the following permissions:

1. The repo permisison for full control of private repositories.
2. The admin:org permission for full control of orgs and teams, read and write org projects
3. The delete_repo permission to delete repositories

Your personal access token will work with Terraform until it expires.

Once you generate a personal access token, set it as an environment variable named GITHUB_TOKEN.

$ export GITHUB_TOKEN=

Then, create an environment variable named GITHUB_OWNER and set it to your GitHub organization. If you do not specify a Github organization, Terraform will authenticate and manage resources on the access token user's individual user account.

$ export GITHUB_OWNER=

Terraform will use these environment variables to authenticate with GitHub and manage your organization's resources.

Clone repository

In your terminal, clone the example repository , which contains Terraform configuration to define a GitHub repository and team.

$ git clone https://github.com/hashicorp-education/learn-terraform-github-user-teams

Change into the repository directory.

$ cd learn-terraform-github-user-teams

Terraform configuration consists of blocks of code written in HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL). This configuration contains provider, local, data source, and resource blocks. You will learn more about each type of block as you review the configuration.

Review users and team data

Resource blocks are the primary way you interact with Terraform to manage a provider's objects. The example configuration references CSV files to set resource block arguments. This repository organizes the resource details across multiple CSV files.

$ tree
.
├── README.md
├── main.tf
├── members.csv
├── members.tf
├── repos-team
│   ├── api.csv
│   ├── application.csv
│   └── infrastructure.csv
├── repositories.tf
├── team-members
│   ├── developer-team.csv
│   ├── devops-team.csv
│   └── security-team.csv
├── teams.csv
├── teams.tf
└── versions.tf

There are two files at the top level of this directory:

1. The members.csv file stores your organization members' data.
2. The teams.csv file stores your organization teams' data.

The configuration is further divided into subdirectories to manage the teams and repository membership:

1. The team-members directory contains CSV files that define team memberships. The CSV file name corresponds to the team name, and its contents contain the username and role of each team member.

2. The repos-team directory contains CSV files that define repository and team permissions. The CSV file name corresponds to the repository name, and its contents contain the team name and permission for the relationship.

Using CSV files to populate Terraform resources and this specific file/directory structure is not required. However, this workflow enables you to simplify your Terraform configuration and better organize your resources.

Open members.csv.

username,role
alex-tf-edu,member
terraform-education1,member

The first line in the CSV file is the header. Each field in the header is a key for the corresponding value at the same position in the remaining rows. Each remaining row represents a user and must contain the same number of fields as the header. The header keys allow you to reference a specific user attribute in your Terraform configuration.

Review the other CSV files if you would like.

Initialize the configuration

Initialize the Terraform configuration, which downloads and installs the github provider. Later in this tutorial you will use terraform console, which requires initialization, to inspect the configuration in more detail.

$ terraform init
Initializing the backend...

Initializing provider plugins...
- Reusing previous version of integrations/github from the dependency lock file
- Installing integrations/github v4.13.0...
- Installed integrations/github v4.13.0 (signed by a HashiCorp partner, key ID 38027F80D7FD5FB2)

Partner and community providers are signed by their developers.
If you'd like to know more about provider signing, you can read about it here:
https://www.terraform.io/docs/cli/plugins/signing.html

Terraform has been successfully initialized!

You may now begin working with Terraform. Try running "terraform plan" to see
any changes that are required for your infrastructure. All Terraform commands
should now work.

If you ever set or change modules or backend configuration for Terraform,
rerun this command to reinitialize your working directory. If you forget, other
commands will detect it and remind you to do so if necessary.

Review configuration

Terraform parses all *.tf files in your directory and maintains a single state file that tracks the resources managed by the configuration in the directory. Defining resources in separate files makes your configuration easier to read and organize while still allowing you to define dependencies across files.

Most of the Terraform configuration in this repository dynamically determines resource attributes from CSV files, so you will not need to modify most of the *.tf files for the workflow in this tutorial. The only exception is the repositories.tf file, which gives you more control over repository-level settings like permissions and access.

The example repository you cloned contains the following files:

1. The versions.tf file defines Terraform settings, including the required providers Terraform will use to provision your resources. Providers are plugins that Terraform uses to interact with APIs.

2. The main.tf file defines your GitHub provider and retrieves user information about the owner of the personal access token.

3. The members.tf file defines your organization's users. The resource block in this file manages the users specified in members.csv.

4. The teams.tf file defines your organization's teams and adds members to teams as defined in the CSV files.

5. The repositories.tf file defines your organization's repositories. It also manages team permissions for the repositories as specified in the files in the repos-team directory.

6. The locals.tf file contains configuration that parses the team memberships and repository permissions defined in the CSV files.

Explore versions.tf

Open versions.tf. This file contains a terraform {} block that defines Terraform settings, including the required providers Terraform will use to provision your resources.

The source attribute defines an optional hostname, a namespace, and the provider type for each provider. Terraform installs providers from the Terraform Registry by default.

You can also set a version constraint for each provider defined in the required_providers block. The version attribute is optional, but we recommend using it to constrain the provider version so that Terraform does not install a provider version that may not work with your configuration. If you do not specify a provider version, Terraform will automatically download the most recently released version during initialization.

terraform {
  required_providers {
    github = {
      source  = "integrations/github"
      version = "4.13.0"
    }
  }
  
  required_version = "~> 1.0.5"
}

Explore main.tf

Open main.tf to review the Terraform configuration that defines your GitHub provider and retrieves user information from the personal access token-authenticated user.

Provider block

To use the GitHub provider, you must define a provider block for it in your configuration.

provider "github" {}

The github provider block is empty because it automatically uses the personal access token and organization name you set as environment variables earlier. You can configure other optional, provider-specific settings in this block, like base URL (GitHub Enterprise).

Data source

A data source block allows you to retrieve information defined outside of Terraform and reference it in your configuration.

Data source blocks have two strings in the first line of the block: the data source type and the name, which together form a data source ID. This github_user data source block is named self, so the data source ID is data.github_user.self.

data "github_user" "self" {
  username = ""
}

The data.github_user.self block retrieves information about the currently authenticated user. The configuration will use this to assign your user to the newly created Github teams.

Explore members.tf

Open members.tf to review the Terraform configuration that defines your organization's members. The resource block in this file manages all the users specified in members.csv. Terraform dynamically generates resources for members with a for_each meta-argument that iterates over the CSV — you do not need to modify members.tf to add or remove users.

This configuration lets you avoid creating unique resource blocks for each member, which can become difficult to manage as your organization scales.

Similarly to data sources, resource blocks have two strings in the first line of the block: the resource type and the resource name, which together form a resource ID. This github_membership resource block is named all, so the resource ID is github_membership.all.

resource "github_membership" "all" {
  for_each = {
    for member in csvdecode(file("members.csv")) :
    member.username => member
  }

  username = each.value.username
  role     = each.value.role
}

The for_each meta-argument tells Terraform that this block defines multiple members, each one mapped to a member in the members.csv file. The github_membership resource takes a required username, and an optional argument, role, to specify which role this user will have in your organization. If you do not assign a role, it defaults to member.

The resource block references a specific user's information with each.value.attribute_name, where attribute_name maps to the header row in the CSV file. For example, each.value.username maps to the username column.

Refer to the resource's documentation in Terraform Registry to find a complete list of supported arguments.

Explore teams.tf

Open teams.tf to review the Terraform configuration that defines your organization's teams. The resource blocks in this file manage the teams defined in teams.csv. The configuration also adds the currently authenticated user as a team maintainer and assigns users to teams as specified by the*.csv files in the team-members/ directory. Terraform dynamically generates the resource configurations for teams and their members based on the contents of teams.csv each time you run a Terraform operation — you do not need to modify teams.tf.

The github_team.all resource block parses the teams.csv file to create the teams in your organization.

resource "github_team" "all" {
  for_each = {
    for team in csvdecode(file("teams.csv")) :
    team.name => team
  }

  name                      = each.value.name
  description               = each.value.description
  privacy                   = each.value.privacy
  create_default_maintainer = true
}

The resource block uses the team name as the key in the for_each meta-argument. This lets you reference the team attributes with the team name. For example, you can query the security team's attributes with github_team.all["Security Team"].

resource "github_team" "all" {
  for_each = {
    for team in csvdecode(file("teams.csv")) :
    team.name => team
  }

  ## ...
}

The github_team_membership.members resource assigns members to teams as defined in the respective team CSV files in /team-members. This resource references the local.team_members value defined in the locals.tf to determine the resource arguments.

resource "github_team_membership" "members" {
  for_each = { for tm in local.team_members : tm.name => tm }

  team_id  = each.value.team_id
  username = each.value.username
  role     = each.value.role
}

This configuration uses the github_team.all resource to generate the team_members local value, and team_members local value to create the github_team_membership resource.

Terraform manages most resource dependencies for you, but using dynamically-sized elements in for_each is an edge case. Terraform cannot determine the number of team membership resources to create since the number of elements in local.team_members is determined by the contents of your CSV files. To address this, you must apply changes to the github_team resource before Terraform can update the team memberships, which you will do later in this tutorial.

Explore repositories.tf

Open repositories.tf. This configuration defines your organization's repositories and sets team permissions for repositories as specified in the repos-team directory. Unlike members.tf and teams.tf, this configuration defines each repository in individual resource blocks. This gives you greater control over your repository resources.

The first two blocks define a repository named learn-tf-infrastructure and assign teams to the repository.

# Create infrastructure repository
resource "github_repository" "infrastructure" {
  name = "learn-tf-infrastructure"
}

# Add memberships for infrastructure repository
resource "github_team_repository" "infrastructure" {
  for_each = {
    for team in local.repo_teams_files["infrastructure"] :
    team.team_name => {
      team_id    = github_team.all[team.team_name].id
      permission = team.permission
    } if lookup(github_team.all, team.team_name, false) != false
  }

  team_id    = each.value.team_id
  repository = github_repository.infrastructure.id
  permission = each.value.permission
}

Note that the github_team_repository.infrastructure resource:

• references the local.repo_teams_files value and specifies "infrastructure" as the key. This populates the resource with data from repos-team/infrastructure.csv. You will review how Terraform evaluates the local value in a later section.

• retrieves the team ID by referencing the github_team.all resource with the team name as the key.

• uses the lookup function to ensure the team exists in the github_team.all resource.

  repositories.tf

  resource "github_team_repository" "infrastructure" {
    for_each = {
      for team in local.repo_teams_files["infrastructure"] :
      team.team_name => {
        team_id    = github_team.all[team.team_name].id
        permission = team.permission
      } if lookup(github_team.all, team.team_name, false) != false
    }
  
    ## ...
  }
  

The next two blocks define a repository named learn-tf-application and assign the application team to it. The github_team_repository.application resource references the local.repo_teams_files value and specifies "application" as the key. This populates the resource with data from repos-team/application.csv.

# Create application repository
resource "github_repository" "application" {
  name = "learn-tf-application"
}

# Add memberships for application repository
resource "github_team_repository" "application" {
  for_each = {
    for team in local.repo_teams_files["application"] :
    team.team_name => {
      team_id    = github_team.all[team.team_name].id
      permission = team.permission
    } if lookup(github_team.all, team.team_name, false) != false
  }

  team_id    = each.value.team_id
  repository = github_repository.application.id
  permission = each.value.permission
}

Explore locals.tf

Open locals.tf to review the Terraform configuration that parses your CSV files into objects Terraform can use.

Local values

A locals block allows you to define values that you reference throughout your configuration. Locals make your configuration easier to read and less repetitive. Terraform evaluates local values independently of your resource definitions, so you can experiment with local values before including them in your resource configuration and keep any pre-processing separate.

The local values below parse the files that define team membership in the team-members directory, and the files that define repository permissions in the repos-team directory, into objects that are easier to use in your Terraform configuration.

• Team memberships - The github_team_membership resource in teams.tf requires the team ID, username, and role arguments. The GitHub team names correspond to the file names in the team-members directory, and the file contents define each team's member's role.

  The following four local values parse the files in the team-members directory, retrieve the team's ID, and transform the data into an object that github_team_membership can use.

  1. The team_members_path local value defines the directory Terraform should look for the team membership CSV files.

     main.tf

     locals {
       # Parse team member files
       team_members_path = "team-members"
       ## ...
     

  2. The team_members_file local value parses each file in team_members_path directory using the fileset() function. Then, it creates an object with the file name as the key and the file contents as the value. It uses the csvdecode function to transform the file contents into a format Terraform can use.

     main.tf

       ## ...
       team_members_files = {
         for file in fileset(local.team_members_path, "*.csv") :
         trimsuffix(file, ".csv") => csvdecode(file("${local.team_members_path}/${file}"))
       }
       ## …
     

     In your terminal, use the Terraform console to evaluate and view the team_members_files value. Since this value does not reference the teams resource, you can evaluate it now.

     $ echo 'local.team_members_files' | terraform console
     {
       "developer-team" = tolist([
         {
           "role" = "member"
           "username" = "terraform-education1"
         },
       ])
       "security-team" = tolist([
         {
           "role" = "member"
           "username" = "alex-tf-edu"
         },
       ])
     }
     

  3. The team_members_temp local value retrieves the GitHub team ID and creates a temporary list of objects containing the team ID, members, and roles. This local value references the github_team.all resource to retrieve the team ID, creating an implicit dependency. Terraform must create the resource before the local value can use it. You will evaluate and view this value after you create the team in the Apply Configuration section.

     main.tf

       ## ...
       # Create temp object that has team ID and CSV contents
       team_members_temp = flatten([
         for team, members in local.team_members_files : [
           for tn, t in github_team.all : {
             name    = t.name
             id      = t.id
             slug    = t.slug
             members = members
           } if t.slug == team
         ]
       ])
       ## ...
     

  4. The team_members local value unnests the members from the team, creating a list of objects containing the relationship name ("${team.slug}-${member.username}"), the team ID, the username, and the role. This simplifies your github_team_membership resource configuration. You will evaluate and view this value after you create the team in the Apply Configuration section.

     main.tf

       ## ...
       # Create object for each team-user relationship
       team_members = flatten([
         for team in local.team_members_temp1 : [
           for member in team.members : {
             name     = "${team.slug}-${member.username}"
             team_id  = team.id
             username = member.username
             role     = member.role
           }
         ]
       ])
       ## …
     

• Repository and team permissions - The github_team_repository resource requires a repository ID, team ID, and the team's permissions to the repository. The name for each CSV file in the repos-team directory corresponds to the repository name, and the file contents define each team's permissions.

  The following two local values parse the data in repos-team directory. Since this data is not nested, the github_team_repository resource can handle the data transformation.

  1. The repo_teams_path local value defines the directory containing the repositories' team permissions CSV files.

     main.tf

       ## ...
       repo_teams_path = "repos-team"
       ## ...
     

  2. The repo_teams_files local value parses each file in repo_teams_path directory and creates an object with the file name as the key and the file contents as the value.

     main.tf

       ## ...
       team_members_files = {
         for file in fileset(local.team_members_path, "*.csv") :
         trimsuffix(file, ".csv") => csvdecode(file("${local.team_members_path}/${file}"))
       }
       ## ...
     

Apply configuration

Since you already initialized the configuration in the Review configuration section, you can apply it.

The local.team_members value depends on the github_team.all resource, so you must create your teams before you can add members to them.

Apply the configuration using the -target flag to create the GitHub teams first. The -target flag instructs Terraform to only change a single resource rather than all resources in the current directory. When you apply your configuration, Terraform will create two new teams.

Respond yes when prompted to add the new teams.

$ terraform apply -target github_team.all

Terraform used the selected providers to generate the following execution plan. Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  + create

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  # github_team.all["Developer Team"] will be created
  + resource "github_team" "all" {
      + create_default_maintainer = false
      + description               = "Developer Team [Learn TF]"
      + etag                      = (known after apply)
      + id                        = (known after apply)
      + members_count             = (known after apply)
      + name                      = "Developer Team"
      + node_id                   = (known after apply)
      + privacy                   = "closed"
      + slug                      = (known after apply)
    }

  # github_team.all["Security Team"] will be created
  + resource "github_team" "all" {
      + create_default_maintainer = false
      + description               = "Security Team [Learn TF]"
      + etag                      = (known after apply)
      + id                        = (known after apply)
      + members_count             = (known after apply)
      + name                      = "Security Team"
      + node_id                   = (known after apply)
      + privacy                   = "closed"
      + slug                      = (known after apply)
    }

Plan: 2 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.
╷
│ Warning: Resource targeting is in effect
│ 
│ You are creating a plan with the -target option, which means that the result of this plan may not represent all of the changes requested by the current
│ configuration.
│ 
│ The -target option is not for routine use, and is provided only for exceptional situations such as recovering from errors or mistakes, or when Terraform
│ specifically suggests to use it as part of an error message.
╵

Do you want to perform these actions?
  Terraform will perform the actions described above.
  Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve.

  Enter a value: yes

github_team.all["Developer Team"]: Creating...
github_team.all["Security Team"]: Creating...
github_team.all["Security Team"]: Creation complete after 9s [id=0000000]
github_team.all["Developer Team"]: Creation complete after 9s [id=0000000]
╷
│ Warning: Applied changes may be incomplete
│ 
│ The plan was created with the -target option in effect, so some changes requested in the configuration may have been ignored and the output values may not be
│ fully updated. Run the following command to verify that no other changes are pending:
│     terraform plan
│ 
│ Note that the -target option is not suitable for routine use, and is provided only for exceptional situations such as recovering from errors or mistakes, or
│ when Terraform specifically suggests to use it as part of an error message.
╵

Apply complete! Resources: 2 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

Now, apply the full configuration. Respond yes when prompted to invite members to your organization, add them to their respective teams, create two repositories, and assign teams to your newly created repositories.

$ terraform apply
github_team.all["Developer Team"]: Refreshing state... [id=0000000]
github_team.all["Security Team"]: Refreshing state... [id=0000000]

Terraform used the selected providers to generate the following execution plan. Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  + create

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  # github_membership.all["alex-tf-edu"] will be created
  + resource "github_membership" "all" {
      + etag     = (known after apply)
      + id       = (known after apply)
      + role     = "member"
      + username = "alex-tf-edu"
    }

  # github_membership.all["terraform-education1"] will be created
  + resource "github_membership" "all" {
      + etag     = (known after apply)
      + id       = (known after apply)
      + role     = "member"
      + username = "terraform-education1"
    }

  ## ...

Plan: 10 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

Do you want to perform these actions?
  Terraform will perform the actions described above.
  Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve.

  Enter a value: yes

github_membership.all["alex-tf-edu"]: Creating...
github_membership.all["terraform-education1"]: Creating...
## ...

Apply complete! Resources: 12 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

Verify GitHub resources

Open your GitHub organization's dashboard. You will find the infrastructure and application repositories Terraform created.

Click on "People" in the top navigation bar, then click on "Pending invitations". You will find the two users defined in your members.csv file.

Click on "Teams", you will find the "Developer Team" and "Security Team" as defined in your teams.csv file. Click on the developer team. This team will only have one user because the invited users have not accepted the invitation to join your organization yet. Once they accept, Github will assign them to the teams defined by your Terraform configuration.

In the top navigation bar of the Teams page, click on "Repositories". Terraform granted the team permissions to the repositories as defined by the CSV files in the repos-team directory. As expected, the developer team has write access to the application repository, but only has read access to the infrastructure repository.

Inspect state using console

The terraform console command lets you inspect a Terraform's state file and evaluate expressions. In this section, you will use Terraform's console to inspect the local values to better understand the configuration. Alternatively, you can skip to the next section to invite a new user to your GitHub organization.

Retrieve information from the github_team.all resource.

$ echo 'github_team.all' | terraform console
{
  "Developer Team" = {
    "create_default_maintainer" = true
    "description" = "Developer Team [Learn TF]"
    ## ...
    "privacy" = "closed"
    "slug" = "developer-team"
  }
  "Security Team" = {
    "create_default_maintainer" = true
    "description" = "Security Team [Learn TF]"
    ## ...
    "privacy" = "closed"
    "slug" = "security-team"
  }
}

Since the github_team.all resource uses the for_each attribute to create multiple teams from one resource block, you can query a specific team by providing the team name. The key defined in the for_each attribute becomes the resource's key.

resource "github_team" "all" {
  for_each = {
    for team in csvdecode(file("teams.csv")) :
    team.name => team
  }
  ## ...
}

Retrieve the Security Team's information using the Terraform console.

$ echo 'github_team.all["Security Team"]' | terraform console
{
  "create_default_maintainer" = true
  "description" = "Security Team [Learn TF]"
  ## ...
  "privacy" = "closed"
  "slug" = "security-team"
}

The console can also evaluate local values. Retrieve the local.team_members value, which parses the files in the team-members directory and transforms them into an object the github_team_membership.members resource can use.

$ echo 'local.team_members' | terraform console
[
  {
    "name" = "developer-team-terraform-education1"
    "role" = "member"
    "team_id" = "0000000"
    "username" = "terraform-education1"
  },
  {
    "name" = "developer-team-terraform-education2"
    "role" = "member"
    "team_id" = "0000000"
    "username" = "terraform-education2"
  },
  {
    "name" = "security-team-alex-tf-edu"
    "role" = "member"
    "team_id" = "0000000"
    "username" = "alex-tf-edu"
  },
]

Notice that 'local.team_members' is a list of objects containing the name, role, team ID, and username. The for_each meta-argument expects objects for resources, so you must transform this into an object.

resource "github_team_membership" "members" {
  for_each = { for tm in local.team_members : tm.name => tm }
  ## ...
}

Since this resource uses the team and member name as a key in the for_each meta-argument, the github_team_membership.members resource also stores the information using the name as the key. Query the resource for the security-team team and alex-tf-edu username.

$ echo 'github_team_membership.members["security-team-alex-tf-edu"]' | terraform console
{
  "etag" = "W/\"c556c130708bc6c23f6741b54c86d85e755664f3c0c79e7bb3ac1f1bb2275a9a\""
  "id" = "0000000:alex-tf-edu"
  "role" = "member"
  "team_id" = "0000000"
  "username" = "alex-tf-edu"
}

Use the terraform state list command to view all the resources you can query.

$ terraform state list
data.github_user.self
github_membership.all["alex-tf-edu"]
github_membership.all["terraform-education1"]
github_membership.all["terraform-education2"]
github_repository.application
github_repository.infrastructure
github_team.all["Developer Team"]
github_team.all["Security Team"]
github_team_membership.members["developer-team-terraform-education1"]
github_team_membership.members["developer-team-terraform-education2"]
github_team_membership.members["security-team-alex-tf-edu"]
github_team_membership.self["Developer Team"]
github_team_membership.self["Security Team"]
github_team_repository.infrastructure["Developer Team"]
github_team_repository.infrastructure["Security Team"]
github_team_repository.application["Developer Team"]
github_team_repository.application["Security Team"]

Invite user to organization

To invite a user to your organization, you need to update the members.csv file. The github_membership.all resource dynamically populates data from members.csv to create new users.

Add a new user named terraform-education2 with a member role to members.csv.

username,role
alex-tf-edu,member
terraform-education1,member
terraform-education2,member

To add this newly created user to a team, update the respective file in the team-members directory. Add terraform-education2 as a member to the developer team by updating team-members/developer-team.csv.

username,role
terraform-education1,member
terraform-education2,member

Apply your configuration to invite a new member to your organization and invite them to the developer team. Respond yes when prompted.

$ terraform apply
## ...

Terraform used the selected providers to generate the following execution plan. Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  + create

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  # github_membership.all["terraform-education2"] will be created
  + resource "github_membership" "all" {
      + etag     = (known after apply)
      + id       = (known after apply)
      + role     = "member"
      + username = "terraform-education2"
    }

  # github_team_membership.members["developer-team-terraform-education2"] will be created
  + resource "github_team_membership" "members" {
      + etag     = (known after apply)
      + id       = (known after apply)
      + role     = "member"
      + team_id  = "0000000"
      + username = "terraform-education2"
    }

Plan: 2 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

Do you want to perform these actions?
  Terraform will perform the actions described above.
  Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve.

  Enter a value: yes

github_membership.all["terraform-education2"]: Creating...
github_team_membership.members["developer-team-terraform-education2"]: Creating...
github_team_membership.members["developer-team-terraform-education2"]: Creation complete after 3s [id=0000000:terraform-education2]
github_membership.all["terraform-education2"]: Creation complete after 3s [id=a-demo-organization:terraform-education2]

Apply complete! Resources: 2 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

Verify new user invitation

Open your GitHub organization's dashboard. Click on "People" in the top navigation bar, then click on "Pending invitations". You will find a new invitation for terraform-education2.

Create new team

To create a new team, you need to update the teams.csv file. The github_team.all resource dynamically populates data from teams.csv to create new teams.

Add a new DevOps team to teams.csv.

name,description,privacy
Security Team,Security Team [Learn TF],closed
Developer Team,Developer Team [Learn TF],closed
DevOps Team,Developer Team [Learn TF],closed

To assign members to this team, update the respective file in the team-members directory.

Since this is a new team, create a file named devops-team.csv, then add alex-tf-edu as a member.

username,role
alex-tf-edu,member

To assign the DevOps team to your repositories, update the CSV files in the repos-team directory. Add the DevOps team as a maintainer to the application repository by updating repos-team/application.csv.

team_name,permission
Security Team,maintain
Developer Team,pull
DevOps Team,maintain

Add the DevOps team as a maintainer to the infrastructure repository by updating repos-team/infrastructure.csv.

team_name,permission
Security Team,maintain
Developer Team,pull
DevOps Team,maintain

Since you changed the number of teams Terraform manages, you need to target the github_team.all resource before you can apply the rest of your configuration.

Apply your changes, targeting only the github_team.all resource. Respond yes when prompted to create the DevOps team.

$ terraform apply -target github_team.all
github_team.all["Developer Team"]: Refreshing state... [id=0000000]
github_team.all["Security Team"]: Refreshing state... [id=0000000]

Terraform used the selected providers to generate the following execution plan. Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  + create

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  # github_team.all["DevOps Team"] will be created
  + resource "github_team" "all" {
      + create_default_maintainer = false
      + description               = "Developer Team [Learn TF]"
      + etag                      = (known after apply)
      + id                        = (known after apply)
      + members_count             = (known after apply)
      + name                      = "DevOps Team"
      + node_id                   = (known after apply)
      + privacy                   = "closed"
      + slug                      = (known after apply)
    }

Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.
╷
│ Warning: Resource targeting is in effect
│ 
│ You are creating a plan with the -target option, which means that the result of this plan may not represent all of the changes requested by the current
│ configuration.
│ 
│ The -target option is not for routine use, and is provided only for exceptional situations such as recovering from errors or mistakes, or when Terraform
│ specifically suggests to use it as part of an error message.
╵

Do you want to perform these actions?
  Terraform will perform the actions described above.
  Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve.

  Enter a value: yes

github_team.all["DevOps Team"]: Creating...
github_team.all["DevOps Team"]: Creation complete after 4s [id=0000000]
╷
│ Warning: Applied changes may be incomplete
│ 
│ The plan was created with the -target option in effect, so some changes requested in the configuration may have been ignored and the output values may not be
│ fully updated. Run the following command to verify that no other changes are pending:
│     terraform plan
│ 
│ Note that the -target option is not suitable for routine use, and is provided only for exceptional situations such as recovering from errors or mistakes, or
│ when Terraform specifically suggests to use it as part of an error message.
╵

Apply complete! Resources: 1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

Now, apply the rest of the configuration. Respond yes when prompted to assign alex-tf-edu to the DevOps team, and assign the DevOps team to your two repositories.

$ terraform apply
## ...

Terraform used the selected providers to generate the following execution plan. Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  + create

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  # github_team_membership.members["devops-team-alex-tf-edu"] will be created
  + resource "github_team_membership" "members" {
      + etag     = (known after apply)
      + id       = (known after apply)
      + role     = "member"
      + team_id  = "5071226"
      + username = "alex-tf-edu"
    }

  # github_team_membership.self["DevOps Team"] will be created
  + resource "github_team_membership" "self" {
      + etag     = (known after apply)
      + id       = (known after apply)
      + role     = "maintainer"
      + team_id  = "5071226"
      + username = "im2nguyen"
    }

  # github_team_repository.infrastructure["DevOps Team"] will be created
  + resource "github_team_repository" "infrastructure" {
      + etag       = (known after apply)
      + id         = (known after apply)
      + permission = "maintain"
      + repository = "learn-tf-infrastructure"
      + team_id    = "5071226"
    }

  # github_team_repository.application["DevOps Team"] will be created
  + resource "github_team_repository" "application" {
      + etag       = (known after apply)
      + id         = (known after apply)
      + permission = "maintain"
      + repository = "learn-tf-application"
      + team_id    = "5071226"
    }

Plan: 4 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

Do you want to perform these actions?
  Terraform will perform the actions described above.
  Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve.

  Enter a value: yes

github_team_membership.self["DevOps Team"]: Creating...
github_team_membership.members["devops-team-alex-tf-edu"]: Creating...
github_team_repository.application["DevOps Team"]: Creating...
github_team_repository.infrastructure["DevOps Team"]: Creating...
github_team_membership.members["devops-team-alex-tf-edu"]: Creation complete after 4s [id=0000000:terraform-education]
github_team_membership.self["DevOps Team"]: Creation complete after 4s [id=0000000:im2nguyen]
github_team_repository.application["DevOps Team"]: Creation complete after 7s [id=0000000:learn-tf-application]
github_team_repository.infrastructure["DevOps Team"]: Creation complete after 7s [id=0000000:learn-tf-infrastructure]

Apply complete! Resources: 4 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

Verify DevOps team in GitHUb

Open your GitHub organization's dashboard. Click on "Team" in the top navigation bar to find the newly created DevOps team.

Click on "DevOps Team", then "Repositories" from the top navigation bar. The team has "maintain" permissions to the application and infrastructure repositories.

Create new repository

To create a new repository, you need to define new resource blocks in repositories.tf.

Add the following resources to repositories.tf to create a repository to host your API code and add teams to the repository. Notice how the repository argument references the github_repository.api resource.

# Create API repository
resource "github_repository" "api" {
  name = "learn-tf-api"
}

# Add memberships for application repository
resource "github_team_repository" "api" {
  for_each = {
    for team in local.repo_teams_files["api"] :
    team.team_name => {
      team_id    = github_team.all[team.team_name].id
      permission = team.permission
    } if lookup(github_team.all, team.team_name, false) != false
  }

  team_id    = each.value.team_id
  repository = github_repository.api.id
  permission = each.value.permission
}

Create a new file in repos-team named api.csv with the following contents.

team_name,permission
Security Team,maintain
Developer Team,push
DevOps Team,maintain

Apply your configuration. Respond yes when prompted to create the new repository and assign teams to the repository.

$ terraform apply
## ...

Terraform used the selected providers to generate the following execution plan. Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  + create

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  # github_repository.api will be created
  + resource "github_repository" "api" {
      + allow_merge_commit     = true
      + allow_rebase_merge     = true
      + allow_squash_merge     = true
      + archived               = false
      + default_branch         = (known after apply)
      + delete_branch_on_merge = false
      + etag                   = (known after apply)
      + full_name              = (known after apply)
      + git_clone_url          = (known after apply)
      + html_url               = (known after apply)
      + http_clone_url         = (known after apply)
      + id                     = (known after apply)
      + name                   = "learn-tf-api"
      + node_id                = (known after apply)
      + private                = (known after apply)
      + repo_id                = (known after apply)
      + ssh_clone_url          = (known after apply)
      + svn_url                = (known after apply)
      + visibility             = (known after apply)
    }

  # github_team_repository.api["DevOps Team"] will be created
  + resource "github_team_repository" "api" {
      + etag       = (known after apply)
      + id         = (known after apply)
      + permission = "maintain"
      + repository = "learn-tf-api"
      + team_id    = "5071226"
    }

  # github_team_repository.api["Developer Team"] will be created
  + resource "github_team_repository" "api" {
      + etag       = (known after apply)
      + id         = (known after apply)
      + permission = "push"
      + repository = "learn-tf-api"
      + team_id    = "5071013"
    }

  # github_team_repository.api["Security Team"] will be created
  + resource "github_team_repository" "api" {
      + etag       = (known after apply)
      + id         = (known after apply)
      + permission = "maintain"
      + repository = "learn-tf-api"
      + team_id    = "5071012"
    }

Plan: 4 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

Do you want to perform these actions?
  Terraform will perform the actions described above.
  Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve.

  Enter a value: yes

github_repository.api: Creating...
github_team_repository.api["DevOps Team"]: Creating...
github_team_repository.api["Security Team"]: Creating...
github_team_repository.api["Developer Team"]: Creating...
github_team_repository.api["Security Team"]: Creation complete after 8s [id=0000000:learn-tf-application]
github_team_repository.api["DevOps Team"]: Creation complete after 9s [id=0000000:learn-tf-application]
github_team_repository.api["Developer Team"]: Creation complete after 9s [id=0000000:learn-tf-application]
github_repository.api: Creation complete after 9s [id=learn-tf-api]

Verify new repository in GitHub

Open your GitHub organization's dashboard. Click on "Repository" in the top navigation bar to find the newly created API repository.

Click on learn-tf-api repository. Click on "Settings" on the top navigation menu, then "Manage access" from the left navigation menu. You will find three teams assigned to the repository, as defined by your repos-team/api.csv file.

Clean up your resources

Use Terraform to destroy the teams, repositories, and user invitations you created in this tutorial. Confirm your changes by typing yes when prompted.

$ terraform destroy
## ...
​​Plan: 0 to add, 0 to change, 22 to destroy.

Do you really want to destroy all resources?
  Terraform will destroy all your managed infrastructure, as shown above.
  There is no undo. Only 'yes' will be accepted to confirm.

  Enter a value: yes
## …

Destroy complete! Resources: 22 destroyed.

Next steps

Congratulations! Over the course of this tutorial, you used Terraform to invite users to your GitHub organization and create new repositories and teams. In the process, you used a wide variety of Terraform's configuration language elements and functions like resource blocks, locals, functions such as csvdecode and format, and learned about the resources the GitHub provider can manage.

By using Terraform to codify your GitHub resources, you can adopt development best practices such as testing, code review, and version control in your GitHub organization management. This configuration adapts to your organization as it scales, enabling your teams to do their best work safely and efficiently.

For more information on topics covered in this tutorial, review the documentation below:

• Learn more about input variables and dynamic expressions, which you used in this tutorial.

• Complete the Reuse Configuration with Modules tutorials to learn how to create reusable modules to enable repeatable workflows.

• Visit the GitHub Provider documentation to learn more about the GitHub resources and data sources you can manage using Terraform.