HTTP API

The Vault HTTP API gives you full access to Vault using REST like HTTP verbs. Every aspect of Vault can be controlled using the APIs. The Vault CLI uses the HTTP API to access Vault similar to all other consumers.

All API routes are prefixed with /v1/.

This documentation is only for the v1 API, which is currently the only version.

Transport

The API is expected to be accessed over a TLS connection at all times, with a valid certificate that is verified by a well-behaved client. It is possible to disable TLS verification for listeners, however, so API clients should expect to have to do both depending on user settings.

Authentication

Once Vault is unsealed, almost every other operation requires a client token. A user may have a client token sent to them. The client token must be sent as either the X-Vault-Token HTTP Header or as Authorization HTTP Header using the Bearer <token> scheme.

Otherwise, a client token can be retrieved using an authentication engine.

Each auth method has one or more unauthenticated login endpoints. These endpoints can be reached without any authentication, and are used for authentication to Vault itself. These endpoints are specific to each auth method.

Responses from auth login methods that generate an authentication token are sent back to the client in JSON. The resulting token should be saved on the client or passed via the X-Vault-Token or Authorization header for future requests.

Parameter restrictions

Several Vault APIs require specifying path parameters. The path parameter cannot end in periods. Otherwise, Vault will return a 404 unsupported path error.

Namespaces

When using Namespaces the final path of the API request is relative to the X-Vault-Namespace header. For instance, if a request URI is secret/foo with the X-Vault-Namespace header set as ns1/ns2/, then the resulting request path to Vault will be ns1/ns2/secret/foo.

Note that it is semantically equivalent to use the full path rather than the X-Vault-Namespace header, Vault will match the corresponding namespace based on correlating user input. Similar path results may be achieved if X-Vault-Namespace is set to ns1/ with the request path of ns2/secret/foo as well, or otherwise if X-Vault-Namespace is omitted entirely and instead a complete path is provided such as: ns1/ns2/secret/foo.

For example, the following two commands result in equivalent requests:

$ curl \
    -H "X-Vault-Token: f3b09679-3001-009d-2b80-9c306ab81aa6" \
    -H "X-Vault-Namespace: ns1/ns2/" \
    -X GET \
    http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/foo

$ curl \
    -H "X-Vault-Token: f3b09679-3001-009d-2b80-9c306ab81aa6" \
    -X GET \
    http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/ns1/ns2/secret/foo

Some APIs are only available in a limited number of namespaces. More details are available in the Namespace documentation.

API operations

Typically the request data, body and response data to and from Vault is in JSON. Vault sets the Content-Type header appropriately with its response and does not require it from the clients request.

The demonstration below uses the KVv1 secrets engine, which is a simple Key Value store. Please read the API documentation of KV secret engines for details of KVv1 compared to KVv2 and how they differ in their URI paths as well as the features available in version 2 of the KV secrets engine.

For KVv1, reading a secret using the HTTP API is done by issuing a GET:

/v1/secret/foo

This maps to secret/foo where foo is the key in the secret/ mount, which is mounted by default on a fresh Vault install and is of type kv.

Here is an example of reading a secret using cURL:

$ curl \
    -H "X-Vault-Token: f3b09679-3001-009d-2b80-9c306ab81aa6" \
    -X GET \
    http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/foo

A few endpoints consume calls with GET query string parameters, but only if those parameters are not sensitive, especially since some load balancers will be able log these. Most endpoints that accept POST query string parameters expect those parameters in the request body.

You can list secrets as well. To do this, either issue a GET with the query string parameter list=true, or you use the LIST HTTP verb. For the kv secrets engine, listing is allowed on directories only, which returns the keys at the requested path:

$ curl \
    -H "X-Vault-Token: f3b09679-3001-009d-2b80-9c306ab81aa6" \
    -X LIST \
    http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/

The API documentation uses LIST as the HTTP verb, but you can still use GET with the ?list=true query string.

If the list result is an empty set, Vault responds with status code 404 and the following JSON:

{"errors":[]}

To make an API with specific data in request body, issue a POST:

/v1/secret/foo

with a JSON body like:

{
  "value": "bar"
}

Here is an example of writing a secret using cURL:

$ curl \
    -H "X-Vault-Token: f3b09679-3001-009d-2b80-9c306ab81aa6" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -X POST \
    -d '{"data":{"value":"bar"}}' \
    http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/baz

Vault currently considers PUT and POST to be synonyms. Rather than trust a client's stated intentions, Vault engines can implement an existence check to discover whether an operation is actually a create or update operation based on the data already stored within Vault. This makes permission management via ACLs more flexible.

A KVv2 example for the engine path of secret requires that URI is appended with data/ prior to the secret name (baz) such as:

$ curl \
    -H "X-Vault-Token: f3b09679-3001-009d-2b80-9c306ab81aa6" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -X POST \
    -d '{"data":{"value":"bar"}}' \
    http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/data/baz

For more examples, please look at the Vault API client.

The X-Vault-Request header

Requests that are sent to a Vault Proxy that is configured to use the require_request_header option must include the X-Vault-Request header entry, e.g.:

$ curl \
    -H "X-Vault-Token: f3b09679-3001-009d-2b80-9c306ab81aa6" \
    -H "X-Vault-Request: true" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -X POST \
    -d '{"value":"bar"}' \
    http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/baz

The Vault CLI always adds this header to every request, regardless of whether the request is being sent to a Vault Agent or directly to a Vault Server. In addition, the Vault SDK always adds this header to every request.

Help

To retrieve the help for any API within Vault, including mounted engines, auth methods, etc. then append ?help=1 to any URL. If you have valid permission to access the path, then the help text will be returned as a markdown-formatted block in the help attribute of the response.

Additionally, with the OpenAPI generation in Vault, you will get back a small OpenAPI document in the openapi attribute. This document is relevant for the path you're looking up and any paths under it - also note paths in the OpenAPI document are relative to the initial path queried.

Example request:

$ curl \
    -H "X-Vault-Token: f3b09679-3001-009d-2b80-9c306ab81aa6" \
    http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret?help=1

Example response:

{
  "help": "## DESCRIPTION\n\nThis backend provides a versioned key-value store. The kv backend reads and\nwrites arbitrary secrets to the storage backend. The secrets are\nencrypted/decrypted by Vault: they are never stored unencrypted in the backend\nand the backend never has an opportunity to see the unencrypted value. Each key\ncan have a configured number of versions, and versions can be retrieved based on\ntheir version numbers.\n\n## PATHS\n\nThe following paths are supported by this backend. To view help for\nany of the paths below, use the help command with any route matching\nthe path pattern. Note that depending on the policy of your auth token,\nyou may or may not be able to access certain paths.\n\n    ^.*$\n\n\n    ^config$\n        Configures settings for the KV store\n\n    ^data/(?P<path>.*)$\n        Write, Read, and Delete data in the Key-Value Store.\n\n    ^delete/(?P<path>.*)$\n        Marks one or more versions as deleted in the KV store.\n\n    ^destroy/(?P<path>.*)$\n        Permanently removes one or more versions in the KV store\n\n    ^metadata/(?P<path>.*)$\n        Configures settings for the KV store\n\n    ^undelete/(?P<path>.*)$\n        Undeletes one or more versions from the KV store.",
  "openapi": {
    "openapi": "3.0.2",
    "info": {
      "title": "HashiCorp Vault API",
      "description": "HTTP API that gives you full access to Vault. All API routes are prefixed with `/v1/`.",
      "version": "1.0.0",
      "license": {
        "name": "Mozilla Public License 2.0",
        "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0"
      }
    },
    "paths": {
      "/.*": {},
      "/config": {
        "description": "Configures settings for the KV store",
        "x-vault-create-supported": true,
        "get": {
          "summary": "Read the backend level settings.",
          "tags": [
            "secrets"
          ],
          "responses": {
            "200": {
              "description": "OK"
            }
          }
        },
     ...[output truncated]...
     }
  }
}

Error response

A common JSON structure is always returned to return errors:

{
  "errors": [
    "message",
    "another message"
  ]
}

This structure will be returned for any HTTP status greater than or equal to 400.

HTTP status codes

The following HTTP status codes are used throughout the API. Vault tries to adhere to these whenever possible, but in case it doesn't -- then feel free to raise a bug for our attention!

• 200 - Success with data.
• 204 - Success, no data returned.
• 400 - Invalid request, missing or invalid data.
• 403 - Forbidden, your authentication details are either incorrect, you don't have access to this feature, or - if CORS is enabled - you made a cross-origin request from an origin that is not allowed to make such requests.
• 404 - Invalid path. This can both mean that the path truly doesn't exist or that you don't have permission to view a specific path. We use 404 in some cases to avoid state leakage. LIST requests with no results will also return 404s.
• 405 - Unsupported operation. You tried to use a method inappropriate to the request path, e.g. a POST on an endpoint that only accepts GETs.
• 412 - Precondition failed. Returned on Enterprise when a request can't be processed yet due to some missing eventually consistent data. Should be retried, perhaps with a little backoff. See Vault Eventual Consistency.
• 429 - Default return code for health status of standby nodes. This will likely change in the future.
• 472 - Default return code for disaster recovery mode replication secondary and active.
• 473 - Default return code for health status of performance standby nodes.
• 500 - Internal server error. An internal error has occurred, try again later. If the error persists, report a bug.
• 501 - Vault is not initialized.
• 502 - A request to Vault required Vault making a request to a third party; the third party responded with an error of some kind.
• 503 - Vault is down for maintenance or is currently sealed. Try again later.

Limits

A maximum request size of 32MB is imposed to prevent a denial of service attack with arbitrarily large requests; this can be tuned per listener block in Vault's server configuration file.